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ADVANCE PROSTATE CANCER TREATMENT

LIST OF QUESTIONS AND CONVERSATION TIPS TO

ASK YOUR DOCTOR ON ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER…..

Q1: What are the treatment options for advanced prostate cancer?

Advanced prostate cancer is cancer that has spread from the prostate to the pelvic lymph

nodes or to other parts of the body. Advanced prostate cancer cannot be cured but the

progression of the disease can be slowed and men can be made more comfortable

with hormonal therapy and, occasionally, chemotherapy.

Hormonal therapy is currently the first treatment that is recommended to men with advanced

prostate cancer. The goal of hormonal therapy is to lower levels of male hormones, or androgens,

such as testosterone, which can fuel the growth of prostate cancer. This can be achieved with either

surgery or medication.

Testosterone levels can be reduced surgically by removing the testicles in an outpatient

procedure known as an orchiectomy; prosthetic testicles may be used in the testicles’ place.

If a patient prefers medication to surgery, drugs such as LHRH agonists may be given as shots every

few months to lower testosterone levels. Other drugs, such as anti-androgens and estrogen therapy,

can help block the activity of male hormones. Sometimes surgery and medications are tried in combination.

Side effects of hormonal therapy include impotence, low sex drive, tiredness, hot flashes and weight gain.

While hormonal therapy can lead to remissions up to two or three years, it cannot stave off the progression

of advanced prostate cancer indefinitely and the disease usually returns.

Q2: How will I know if hormonal therapy is working?

The main way to determine whether hormonal therapy is working is by measuring prostate-specific antigen

(PSA) levels with a blood test. Blood levels of this protein can measure the presence and activity of prostate cancer.

So if PSA levels are going up, that’s usually a sign that the treatment isn’t working as well as it has been.

There are rare instances when the PSA may not go up as the cancer is growing. In those cases, people

usually have symptoms, such as bone pain, which should be evaluated with X-rays. Some doctors

may monitor for metastases with CT scans, MRIs or bone scans.

Q3: What can be done if the hormonal options don’t work?

When someone has advanced prostate cancer that is no longer responding to hormonal therapies-a

condition known as hormone-refractory prostate cancer-other forms of treatment may be required.

Until recently, chemotherapy, which kills fast-growing cells typical of most cancers, was not thought

to work against prostate cancer cells, which are usually slow growing. Even though chemotherapy was

sometimes used to relieve pain in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer, it had never been

shown to improve survival.

But in May 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a chemotherapy drug called

Taxotere (docetaxel) for use in combination with the steroid prednisone, for the treatment of advanced

prostate cancer that is not responding to hormone therapy. This new combination can help some patients

live longer with the disease.

A study of more than 1,000 men with advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer demonstrated that giving

an injection of Taxotere in combination with prednisone every three weeks demonstrated a survival advantage

of 2.5 months over prednisone and the chemotherapy drug mitoxantrone, which are FDA-approved to relieve

pain in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Side effects of chemotherapy include nausea and vomiting, fatigue, infection risk, hair loss and tingling and

numbness in the hands and feet. People who experience side effects from chemotherapy, however, can take

medications to combat nausea and vomiting and low blood counts that lead to fatigue and infection.

Q4: What therapies can I take to control prostate cancer symptoms?

Men with advanced prostate cancer may experience symptoms of their disease, such as pain, that

require treatment to make them feel more comfortable.

External radiation treatments might be delivered periodically to shrink tumors and help to relieve pain.

A group of drugs called bisphosphonates can also be used to ease pain from cancer that has traveled

to the bones; these drugs may also help prevent bone metastases.

Pain can also be managed with painkillers and non-drug methods. Some men might try complementary

therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal therapies or meditation; it’s important to tell your doctors about

the complementary therapies you are considering since there are risks for drug interactions and side effects.

Q5: Should I consider a clinical trial?

Clinical trials are studies conducted in people to evaluate new methods and medications for safety and effectiveness.

Many ongoing trials are investigating new approaches to treating advanced prostate cancer, including cryosurgery,

which uses liquid nitrogen to kill prostate cancer cells, as well as new chemotherapy combinations and new approaches

to radiation therapy.

You should discuss the risks and benefits of participating in a clinical trial with your doctor.

Tips on how you can prepare for this discussion:

Get a three-ring binder for all of your medical documents.

Get copies of all of your laboratory and pathology reports.

Bring a note pad, tape recorder or a friend as another set of ears to your doctor’s appointments to be sure you do not miss any of the information.

Make a list of all medications and complementary therapies you are taking.

Consider your goals for treatment.

If considering hormonal therapy, consider whether you prefer surgery or medications that will suppress your hormones.

Make a list of all symptoms and medication side effects you are experiencing.

Prepare a list of your questions and concerns.

Find out what clinical trials might be available to you.

Consider your expectations for participating in a clinical trial.

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of being in a clinical trial.

Canine osteosarcoma is a kind of bone cancer in dogs. While any bone can have a malignant tumor growth, the areas that are commonly affected by it are:

* Above the knee joint or at the lower part of the femur
* Below the knee joint or the upper part of the tibia
* Shoulder blades
* Above the carpal joints of the front legs
* Pelvic bone

Large dogs, such as Great Danes, saint Bernards, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Rottweilers, and Retrievers, are more prone to osteosarcoma than the smaller breeds.

Signs of Bone Cancer in Dogs

Signs of bone cancer in dogs usually can be seen on the affected area itself. For example, if the malignant tumor is found on the shoulder blades, this area can become tender and swollen. Limping can be a sign of leg bone cancer in dogs. Chewing and swallowing difficulties can indicate problems with the jaw or other facial bones.

As the cancer increases, the affected area becomes more painful and inflamed. Other signs of bone cancer include loss of appetite and decrease in motion.

Signs of bone cancer in dogs can occur within a short duration or for a long period of time, depending on the severity of the problem. The swelling of the bone can actually be seen or felt in some cases.

Diagnosis of Bone Cancer in Dogs

Osteosarcoma can best be diagnosed by running an X-Ray on the area suspected to be infected. The plate can show lesions where the bone looks as though it has been chewed from the inside out, appears brittle, or has a visible fracture seen through the tumor.

The person reading the chart should be familiar with bone cancer in dogs, because there are other problems that can be mistaken for this at first glance. Fungal infections such as coccidiodomycosis or other diseases can appear similar to osteosarcoma, so those who are not familiar with these diseases can interchange these.

Treatment of Bone Cancer in Dogs

Amputation is the easiest and most common treatment for osteosarcoma. This is achieved by cutting off the infected area to relieve the pain and to hopefully get rid of all of the cancerous cells. An alternative to amputation is the limb sparing procedure, wherein bone grafting is performed to replace the cancerous section of the bone after it has been removed. Chemotherapy or drugs are also options to relieve your pet from the pain.

Prognosis

The prognosis for bone cancer in dogs is dependent on different factors, including the age of the dog, the amount of malignant cells, and the location of the cancer.

There are no official preventative measures that can be taken to ensure one won’t develop pancreatic cancer. However, by being aware of the 4 pancreatic cancer causes you are still in a better position since you can at least suspect the disease if you start developing its symptoms.

There is some evidence that people who don’t eat many fresh vegetables and fruits are more at risk from pancreatic cancer.also being overweight may cause a small increase in the risk. Some industrial chemicals called chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents have been linked to pancreatic cancer, although they are unlikely to be a major factor.

Pancreatic Cancer being such a killer disease, it is imperative to know more about it, especially about the causes and risk factors. More importantly, the preventable causes of this disease must be determined. After all prevention is better than cure, more so when the cure is very far or almost nowhere in sight.

Pancreatic cancer affects the pancreas. This is a gland situated in the back of the upper stomach near the backbone. Two of the pancreas’s several functions are hormone and pancreatic juice production. Cells become cancerous when the control mechanisms that direct cell growth malfunction, leading to an unrestraint division of cells. Uncontrollably growth continues until the cells develop into a malignant tumor.

You have my utmost sympathy if you or someone you love has been given the dubious distinction of receiving a pancreatic cancer prognosis. In my opinion knowing you have a 95% chance of being dead in five years or less is such discouraging news, that if it were me, I’d rather not bother with doctors and hospitals.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most difficult cancers to treat using conventional Western Medicine. That is where an alternative treatment for pancreatic cancer comes in. Pancreatic cancer is hard to treat because it has very few symptoms before it spreads to other parts of the body.

Although research scientists do not know the exact causes of cancer of the pancreas, they are always learning some things that can increase a person’s chance of getting this disease. Smoking of any kind is a major risk factor and research shows that cigarette smokers tend to develop cancer of the pancreas two to three times more often than nonsmokers. So by quitting smoking, you will reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, as well as a number of other diseases.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, killing around 95 percent of people diagnosed with it, usually within six months of diagnosis. There are various reasons why pancreatic cancer treatment is often unsuccessful. It is not found immediately due to very little symptoms and if found early, surgical removal may cure it.

Many families and patients alike go through a stage of denial and disbelief; there are counselors who can take care of the emotional turmoil during this time. Dealing with the probability of death can help the family members as well as the patient to surpass the circumstances and find love and comfort in the last days together.

The islet cell cancer may cause the pancreas to produce an abundance of insulin or other hormones and if this happens, the patient may experience a feeling of being weak or dizzy, have chills, muscle spasms, or diarrhea. These symptoms can be caused by cancer itself or from other, less serious problems. If an individual experiences the symptoms, a doctor should be consulted as soon as possible.

Knowing your body well will help you know normal changes and one that need medical attention.Having regular check up give you great defense against diseases.

Following are some symptoms to look for:

==>Unfamiliar pain in the breast or in the armpit-unusual in sense that pain is different from how how you feel when you have monthly periods,also if it u feel it in one or both breasts.If it is not caused by hormonal changes or just in one breast or armpit.go to the doctor and be checked out.

==>A lump or a tumor in the breast or in the armpit-Sometimes is caused by hormonal changes but if it persist,don’t wait before it is too late .Go for screening and know the cause of swelling.

==>A change in size or shape of the mature breast-If you notice any changes in a mature breast more if it’s occurring on one breast only.That is a cause for alarm to seek health professional for breast examination.

==>Fluid other than milk leaking from the nipple-on you menopause you may experience non-blood leakage from nipples of both breast due to hormonal changes,but if it occur on one breast only,then you need medical attention.

==>Change in size of the nipple-when your body weight change it is natural for nipple to change it’s size too.But if it retracts in and doesn’t return to its normal shape, seek help from your doctor for a manual exam.

If there is a problem below the surface of the nipple then having a diagnostic mammogram or ultrasound may be the best option.

==>Changes of color, shape or texture of the nipple -If you notice puckers, a rash on the nipple skin or darker skin that around the nipple.If after using some cream still doesn’t help,then don’t waste more time consult doctor when still in curable stage.

However know that breast implants, usage of antiperspirants, and wearing under wire bras do not raise your risk for breast cancer. There is no proven evidence yet to link breast cancer and abortion.

It is estimated that more than seventy percent of the cancer person diagnosed with the throat cancer are at the advanced stage of it. It is more likely in men than in women. The men have 89 percent chance more than women in death cause due to throat cancer. In American alone the there were around seventy hundred death approximately.

Over time the grooves and pits of teeth become stained from deposits of cigarette tar. This discoloration becomes permanent and is so characteristic as one of the cosmetic effects of smoking cigarettes that the condition is recognized as smoker’s teeth.

Tobacco and tobacco smoking was common in the Americas long before the time of Columbus. It was first brought to Europe by a few of Columbus’ sailors, and was popularized by a monk Ramon Pane.

By the time of Sir Walter Raleigh, pipe smoking was the fashion throughout all of Europe. Even then, there were people who felt it was a dangerous and unhealthy habit.

Many women are indeed very concerned about breast cancer and counter this potential problem with annual tests, the results of which they hold on for warily. Despite this from 1960 to 1990 fatalities from lung cancer among women have grown by more than 400 per cent, surpassing mid-1980s deaths caused by breast cancer.

In treating this case of cancer, a specially trained doctor on this field, will first of all, view this esophagus cancer through an esophaguscope, and then implant some radium “seeds” to them. This gives the patience a relief for some time. In order to get a better result after treatment, it is advised that the internal treatment be combined with X-ray radiation from the outside. When this method is applied, the results are always better.

Heavy tobacco use is a primary cause of mouth and pharyngeal cancers, especially in those people who use chewing tobacco. Chewing tobacco is particularly odious because the tobacco is broken down by the teeth and then spends long periods of time in contact with soft mouth and throat tissues.

Effects of lung cancer treatment such as surgeries can often bring in more harm to the patient. Since it is a major operation, it exposes your chest area into the possibility of collecting air and fluid into it.

Among the side effects known for lung cancer patients who have recently undergone surgery is difficulty in turning over, deep breathing, or even coughing. Since patients typically go through these activities, recovery might be slow.

Long-term contact with certain chemicals, for example coal tar, is well proven as a risk to developing cancer. Since the particular carcinogen was first researched over half a century ago, many other chemicals have been identified that damage cells and trigger cancer. Health and safety measures in most occupations are now excellent so the risks of cancer from exposure to chemical pollutants is very low, however, the effects of the past contact with substances such as asbestos may still lie dormant in some people.

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